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The normal distribution of data was examined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test

The normal distribution of data was examined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. injury after hypoperfusion ((FW, AAGACATGTGTAACCTGCACCA; RV, TACGAGCTCACTCGGGCTTA), (FW, AGGGATCATTGGACGCAACA; RV, GACTCCTCTGCACCGAGAAA), (FW, CACAGTGTCGCTGGTTTGAA; RV, TCTCCGTGGGGCTTGTAGT),Il-6(FW, GGTTTGCCGAGTAGACCTCA; RV, TACCCCAACTTCCAATGCTC), (FW, AGTCTGCACAGTTCCCCAAC; RV, TTAGGAAGACACGGGTTCCA), (FW, TGATCGGTCCCAACAAGGAG; RV, TCCGCTTGGTGGTTTGCTAC), (FW, GCACTGTGCTTCAATTGCAACGAG; RV, GAAGATGCTGTCGGCTTCAGTACC), (FW, GTTCTCACCTTCTGCGACTATGCC; RV, GTGAACAACCTCTTCCTGCTCCAG), (FW, ATGATATGCCAGCCGCAGATGAC; RV, CAGGTTACCGTTCCGCCAGATG), (FW, CGTGCTGATCGAGGATGGTT; RV, ACTTCCCCACTAGGGCTTCT), (FW, AGGCAATGGGCTGGTGCTGT; RV, CAGGAAGACACTGGCAAACAT), (FW, GACTCCGCATTTGCCCTACT; RV, TGCCCACAATGAGTGGTACAG), (FW, GATGGTGAAGGTCGGTGTGA; RV, TGAACTTGCCGTGGGTAGAG). Tissue immunostaining 30-m-thick free-floating brain sections were blocked by 10% fetal horse serum for 1 h. The sections were incubated in Rabbit polyclonal to NF-kappaB p105-p50.NFkB-p105 a transcription factor of the nuclear factor-kappaB ( NFkB) group.Undergoes cotranslational processing by the 26S proteasome to produce a 50 kD protein. primary antibody solutions overnight at 4 C. Rat anti-MBP (Abcam, ab7349, 1:400), mouse anti-SMI32 (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, 801701, 1:100), rabbit anti-APC (Abcam, ab72040, 1:50), rabbit anti-Iba-1 (Wako, Richmond, VA, 019-19741, 1:300), rabbit anti-CD86 (Abcam, ab112490, 1:200), mouse anti-CD68 (AbD Serotec, MCA341, 1:200), rabbit anti-C3 (Abcam, ab200999, 1:200), mouse anti-ITGAM (AbD Febrifugin Serotec, Oxford, UK, MCA618, 1:100), rat anti-C3aR (Hycult Biotech, Uden, Netherlands, HM1123, 1:100) antibodies were used. The sections were then incubated with secondary antibodies (Invitrogen, 1:200) at room temperature for 1 h before imaging. CLARITY Rat brain clearing procedures were performed according to an optimized CLARITY protocol 34, 35. For immunostaining, the 500-m-thick brain slices were incubated with Rat anti-MBP (Abcam, ab7349, 1:200) and rabbit anti-Iba-1 primary antibodies (Wako, 019-19741, 1:200) for 3 days at 37 C with shaking. The samples were then incubated with secondary antibodies (Invitrogen, 1:200) at 37 C for an additional 2 days. Subsequently, the samples were incubated in refractive index matching solution (RIMS, 88% HistodenZ, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, #D2158) for 1 h at room temperature before sample mounting. The samples were protected from light during all CLARITY steps. Image acquisition and processing The 30-m-thick free-floating brain section and 500-m-thick clarified rat brain slice samples were imaged using a Nikon A1RMP confocal laser scanning microscope (Nikon Instruments Inc., Tokyo) equipped with a 25 water-immersion objective (Nikon CFI Apo NIR, numerical aperture = 1.0, working distance = 2.8 mm). For CLARITY Febrifugin samples, the imaging volume was 504 m504 m440 m with a voxel size of 1 1.01 m1.01 m1.00 m. NIS-Elements AR (Nikon Instruments Inc., Tokyo) was used to create three-dimensional volume renderings for myelin and microglia. The image resolution was 512512. All images were acquired and processed by a researcher blinded to the experiment design. Quantitative analysis The quantification of immunostaining positive cells in the striatum was performed and data were presented as the number of positive cells and percent stained area per field, respectively. The quantification of SMI32/MBP ratio in the striatum was processed by ImageJ and fluorescence intensity Febrifugin in each field was quantified. The quantification of the distribution of microglia (Iba-1+) around myelin sheaths (MBP+) was performed by counting the number of microglia cell bodies that touched and localized within each myelin (MBP+) in the striatum. The ratio of microglia in contact with myelin relative to the amount of myelin in each image field was calculated. This accounted for the difference in the number of Febrifugin myelin fragments in different image fields and was considered to represent changes in the redistribution pattern of microglia in relation to myelin. For the quantification of the distribution of CD86+ microglia around each myelin fiber (MBP+), a region of interest (ROI) was drawn encompassing two concentric circles starting from the diameter of each myelin and ending at a 15-m ascending radius. Threshold was set and the area (m2) of CD86+ puncta within each ROI was quantified. For the quantification of the deposition of C3 puncta on each myelin fiber (MBP+), a region of interest encompassing each myelin within the striatum was drawn. Threshold was set and the area (m2) of C3+ puncta within each myelin was quantified. For each rat, at least 4 images at 25 magnification were counted, which were derived from 4 fixed-frozen coronal sections spaced 100 m apart. All quantifications were performed in NIS-Elements AR analysis software (Nikon Instruments Inc., Tokyo). Quantitative analyses of CLARITY images were performed using our customized MATLAB code. The procedures were described previously 35. For each animal, at least 6 regions of interest in the striatum at 25 magnification were counted. The percent of microglia in contact with myelin relative to the amount of myelin.