However, the current meta-analysis indicated an inverse association between allergies and HNC for the case-control studies. from: 1) an original hospital-based case-control study, which included 252 incident cases of HNC and 236 controls frequency-matched to cases on sex and age; and 2) a meta-analysis combining the results of the current case-control study and 13 previously published studies (9 cohort studies with 727,569 subjects and 550 HNC outcomes and 5 case-control studies with 4,017 HNC cases and 10,928 controls). Results In the original case-control study, we observed a strong inverse association between allergies and HNC [odds ratio?=?0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27C0.62]. The meta-analysis also indicated a statistically significant inverse association between HNC and allergies [meta-relative risk (RR)?=?0.76, 95% CI: 0.63C0.91], particularly strong for allergic rhinitis (meta-RR?=?0.55, 95% CI: 0.40C0.76). In addition, the inverse association between allergies and HNC was observed only among men (meta-RR?=?0.67, 95% CI: 0.54C0.84) but not among women (meta-RR?=?0.98, 95% CI: 0.81C1.18). Conclusions These findings suggest that immunity plays an influential role in the risk of HNC. Future studies investigating immune biomarkers, including cytokine profiles and genetic polymorphisms, are warranted to further delineate the relationship between allergies and HNC. Understanding the relationship between allergies and HNC may help devise effective strategies to reduce and treat HNC. Introduction Head and neck malignancy (HNC), including cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx and larynx, is one of the leading cancers worldwide. Each year, approximately 400,000 cases of oral and oropharyngeal cancer and 160,000 cases of laryngeal cancer are diagnosed worldwide [1]. HNC is also a leading malignancy among Taiwanese men, who have the second highest incidence of HNC in the world [2]. According to the Department of Health of Taiwan, HNC was the fourth most common cancer among Taiwanese men in 2009 2009, with an annual incidence of 41 per 100,000 persons [3]. The occurrence of most HNC can be attributed Diflumidone to the consumption of alcohol, cigarette, and betel quid [4], [5], although human papillomavirus contamination also plays a role, particularly DCHS2 for oropharyngeal cancer [6]. Although alcohol, cigarette, and betel quid are the causes for the majority of the HNC cancer cases, most people who consume these three brokers will not develop HNC in their lifetimes, which suggests the functions of other environmental and genetic factors [7], [8]. Other potential risk factors for HNC include occupational exposures, poor oral hygiene, mouthwashes made up of alcohol, and low fruit and vegetable intake [1], [9]; however, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of HNC. Immune reactions manifested in the form of allergies have been extensively studied for their relationship with cancer risk [10]C[12]. Allergies usually result from an overactive immune response to substances in the environment among people with atopic tendency, who are genetically predisposed to produce immunoglobulin E (IgE) against common allergens [13]C[15]. The cross-linking of IgE on the surface of mast cells and basophils leads to a series of events resulting in allergic diseases, including allergic rhinitis, asthma, eczema, and food allergy [14]. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the inverse association between allergies and cancer, the immunosurveillance hypothesis and the prophylaxis hypothesis [11]. In the immunosurveillance hypothesis, allergy does not play a direct role to reduce the risk of cancer but is merely a side effect of a more active immune function that effectively detects and eradicates malignant cells [11]. In contrast, allergy plays a direct role to reduce the Diflumidone risk of cancer in the prophylaxis hypothesis by expelling toxins or pathogens from the body [11]. A reduced risk associated with allergies has been consistently observed for glioma and pancreatic cancer [16], [17], two cancers with Diflumidone largely unknown environmental risk factors. Compared to glioma and pancreatic cancer, the role of allergy in HNC appears less consistent. It is not clear whether allergies can independently influence the risk of HNC in the presence of known strong environmental risk factors, including alcohol, betel quid, and cigarette. In addition, only one previous study has examined the conversation between lifestyle factors (cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking) and allergy symptoms on the chance of HNC [18]. To this final end, we carried out a hospital-based research to examine the association between HNC and allergy symptoms, like the discussion between alcoholic beverages and allergy symptoms, betel quid, or cigarette for the advancement of HNC. Furthermore, a comprehensive books search was performed to carry out a meta-analysis, merging outcomes from the released literature with the existing research to be able to explore the various aspects of the partnership between allergy symptoms and HNC also to generate fresh hypotheses for even more investigations. Components and Methods First Research This hospital-based case-control research was authorized by the institutional review planks from the Country wide Cheng Kung College or university Hospital as well as the Country wide Health Study Institutes. All individuals from the scholarly research signed a written informed consent. Research topics All the scholarly research topics were recruited through the Division of Otolaryngology and.
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